Protein is one of the most important macronutrients required by the body. This nutrient is essential for many life processes and forms an integral component of muscle, tissues and body fluids such as the blood. Enzymes and hormones are the functional prototype of protein which facilitate a range of metabolic processes. Consumed in adequate amounts, protein helps in repair and rejuvenation of the body tissues. 

Reasons for protein deficiency among kids, women and the elderly

Protein turnover occurs in all forms of life. This continuous degradation and synthesis occurs in tissues that undergo structural rearrangement and growth. Children require more protein for muscle building and tissue formation. Growth spurt happens in different phases during childhood but can be seen at its highest in the first year.

In the first year, if weaning food does not meet the dietary requirements of the child, it can result in protein deficiency leading to malnutrition. Similarly, there is increased growth around puberty and these phases need more protein. Undernourishment occurs when the child’s requirement is not met. Nowadays, with change in lifestyle, demand in working pattern amongst parents and more nuclear families, most of the children around puberty are moving away from home cooked food to junk food. These foods such as processed meat contain bad protein that can have adverse effects on health.

Protein deficiency is seen as Marasmus and Kwashiorkor in children. Marasmus involves increased wastage of muscles and extreme emaciation. Organs such as heart, liver, lungs and kidneys are compromised in their functions due to the short supply of protein synthesis and more tissue breakdown. This leads to functional disturbance in various systems. 

The continuous degradation and synthesis occur in tissues during pregnancy. Protein turnover is crucial and if not met with adequate dietary protein, this can cause deficiency in women of reproductive age group. 

In elders, the intestines function with low absorption capacity and there is more tissue breakdown as part of the ageing process. It is essential to monitor the quality and quantity of protein intake so that the need is taken care of.

How can we address deficiencies

A well-balanced diet can take care of all the growing needs of the child. The quality of protein can be measured by the presence of essential amino acids. For a growing child, 50 per cent of the daily requirement of protein should be met through breakfast. To fulfil this, egg, which is called reference protein, is ideal. Vegetarian families can give a healthy mix of sprouted ragi, different pulses such as chickpeas, green gram and peanuts which are rich in protein. These can be ground and given as a drink twice a day.

Considering the low digestive capacity in elders, pre-digested forms of protein sourced from sprouts will meet their requirement. Millets, which are a source of complex carbohydrate, will add to the quality of protein and can be included in their diet.

Understanding the interdependency of macronutrients and micronutrients can help in leading a holistic life. Deficiencies can be countered by following a balanced diet.